https://textilenotes.com/ The Practical Textile & Apparel Engineering Reference en Wed, 30 Sep 2026 07:15:26 GMT https://textilenotes.com/fabric/pique-fabric https://textilenotes.com/fabric/pique-fabric Wed, 30 Sep 2026 07:15:26 GMT Salauddin Ahamed Sagar Fabric & Yarn Pique is a textured weft knit made by adding tuck stitches to a jersey base. What gives it the honeycomb surface, single and double pique, its properties, and the problems to watch in polo shirt production. https://textilenotes.com/different-types-of-knit-fabrics/ https://textilenotes.com/different-types-of-knit-fabrics/ Wed, 30 Sep 2026 07:15:26 GMT Salauddin Ahamed Sagar Fabric & Yarn A practical guide to the main types of knit fabrics: weft knits such as single jersey, rib, interlock, pique, French terry and fleece, and warp knits such as tricot, powernet and mesh. How each is made, typical weights, properties and the garments they suit. https://textilenotes.com/fabric/fabric-gsm-chart https://textilenotes.com/fabric/fabric-gsm-chart Wed, 30 Sep 2026 07:15:26 GMT Salauddin Ahamed Sagar Fabric & Yarn A practical reference of typical GSM ranges for knitted and woven apparel fabrics, what moves a fabric up or down the range, and how to use the chart when reviewing a specification. https://textilenotes.com/fabric/french-terry-fabric https://textilenotes.com/fabric/french-terry-fabric Wed, 30 Sep 2026 07:15:26 GMT Salauddin Ahamed Sagar Fabric & Yarn French terry is a knitted fabric with a smooth face and soft loops on the back. How it is made, how it differs from fleece, typical weights, and what to watch for in shrinkage, pilling and sewing. https://textilenotes.com/industrial-engineering/line-balancing https://textilenotes.com/industrial-engineering/line-balancing Wed, 30 Sep 2026 07:15:26 GMT Salauddin Ahamed Sagar Industrial Engineering Line balancing spreads the operations of a garment across operators and machines so work flows at the target rate without piles of WIP or idle people. A practical step-by-step method with a worked example, balancing efficiency and common mistakes. https://textilenotes.com/garment-production/cutting-room-process https://textilenotes.com/garment-production/cutting-room-process Wed, 30 Sep 2026 07:15:26 GMT Salauddin Ahamed Sagar Garment Production A walk through the cutting room from fabric receipt to bundles issued to sewing: inspection, relaxation, planning, spreading, cutting, numbering, fusing and audit, with the controls and measures that keep it accurate. https://textilenotes.com/fabric/fabric-spirality https://textilenotes.com/fabric/fabric-spirality Wed, 30 Sep 2026 07:15:26 GMT Salauddin Ahamed Sagar Fabric & Yarn Spirality makes wales slant and side seams twist around T-shirts after washing. Why single knits twist, how spirality is measured, the main causes in yarn, knitting and finishing, and how to reduce it. https://textilenotes.com/process-flow-chart-and-layout-of-garments-finishing/ https://textilenotes.com/process-flow-chart-and-layout-of-garments-finishing/ Wed, 30 Sep 2026 07:15:26 GMT Salauddin Ahamed Sagar Garment Production The garment finishing section step by step: a process flow chart from sewing output to shipment, what happens at each stage, a practical layout for the finishing floor, manpower planning with a worked example, quality control points and the mistakes that cause failed final inspections. https://textilenotes.com/fabric/interlock-fabric https://textilenotes.com/fabric/interlock-fabric Wed, 30 Sep 2026 07:15:26 GMT Salauddin Ahamed Sagar Fabric & Yarn Interlock is a double-knit made of two interlocked 1x1 ribs. Why it is smooth on both faces, more stable than jersey or rib, where it is used, and how it behaves in cutting, sewing and finishing. https://textilenotes.com/fabric/knit-vs-woven-fabric https://textilenotes.com/fabric/knit-vs-woven-fabric Wed, 30 Sep 2026 07:15:26 GMT Salauddin Ahamed Sagar Fabric & Yarn Knitted fabrics are made of interlooped yarns; woven fabrics of interlaced warp and weft. How that difference affects stretch, shrinkage, costing, cutting, sewing and testing, with a side-by-side comparison. https://textilenotes.com/quality/sewing-defects https://textilenotes.com/quality/sewing-defects Wed, 30 Sep 2026 07:15:26 GMT Salauddin Ahamed Sagar Quality & Defects An overview of the sewing defects that cause most repairs and rejections, grouped by stitch, seam and assembly problems, with the usual causes and where to look first. https://textilenotes.com/testing/colorfastness-to-rubbing https://textilenotes.com/testing/colorfastness-to-rubbing Wed, 30 Sep 2026 07:15:26 GMT Salauddin Ahamed Sagar Testing Rubbing fastness, also called crocking, measures how much color transfers from a fabric to another surface by friction. How the dry and wet tests work, what affects the result and how dyehouses and printers improve it. https://textilenotes.com/sustainable-bio-scouring-process/ https://textilenotes.com/sustainable-bio-scouring-process/ Wed, 30 Sep 2026 07:15:26 GMT Salauddin Ahamed Sagar Fabric & Yarn Bio-scouring uses pectinase enzymes instead of hot caustic soda to remove waxes and pectins from cotton before dyeing. How it works, typical process conditions, a step-by-step process, how to test absorbency, its benefits and limits, and how to switch from conventional scouring. https://textilenotes.com/testing/iso-astm-aatcc-test-methods https://textilenotes.com/testing/iso-astm-aatcc-test-methods Wed, 30 Sep 2026 07:15:26 GMT Salauddin Ahamed Sagar Testing A reference map of the test methods most often named in garment and fabric test programs: what each family covers, how ISO and AATCC or ASTM methods relate, and why results from different methods cannot be compared directly. https://textilenotes.com/quality/four-point-fabric-inspection https://textilenotes.com/quality/four-point-fabric-inspection Wed, 30 Sep 2026 07:15:26 GMT Salauddin Ahamed Sagar Quality & Defects The 4-point system scores fabric defects by length and converts them into points per 100 square yards. How to inspect rolls, assign points, calculate the score for a roll and a shipment, and what the result does and does not mean. https://textilenotes.com/fabric/yarn-count-conversion https://textilenotes.com/fabric/yarn-count-conversion Wed, 30 Sep 2026 07:15:26 GMT Salauddin Ahamed Sagar Fabric & Yarn Step-by-step yarn count conversion between Ne, Nm, tex, dtex and denier, including worsted and linen counts, folded yarns and blended yarn resultant counts. https://textilenotes.com/garment-production/fabric-spreading https://textilenotes.com/garment-production/fabric-spreading Wed, 30 Sep 2026 07:15:26 GMT Salauddin Ahamed Sagar Garment Production Spreading lays fabric in plies ready for cutting. The spreading mode, tension, alignment, splicing and shade control decide whether cut panels are accurate and matching. A practical guide for cutting rooms. https://textilenotes.com/garment-production/knit-fabric-consumption https://textilenotes.com/garment-production/knit-fabric-consumption Wed, 30 Sep 2026 07:15:26 GMT Salauddin Ahamed Sagar Garment Production The panel method for knit fabric consumption: list every panel, calculate area and weight by fabric, add allowances, and total by kg per dozen. Worked example for a hoodie with body fabric and rib. https://textilenotes.com/fabric-shrinkage-test-dimensional-stability/ https://textilenotes.com/fabric-shrinkage-test-dimensional-stability/ Wed, 30 Sep 2026 07:15:26 GMT Salauddin Ahamed Sagar Testing How a fabric shrinkage (dimensional stability) test is done: specimen size and benchmarks, conditioning, wash and dry procedures, the shrinkage formula with worked examples, in-house checks versus lab tests, and how to read and act on the report. https://textilenotes.com/garment-production/reducing-fabric-waste-in-cutting https://textilenotes.com/garment-production/reducing-fabric-waste-in-cutting Wed, 30 Sep 2026 07:15:26 GMT Salauddin Ahamed Sagar Garment Production Fabric is the largest cost in most garments, and the cutting room decides how much of it becomes garments. Where fabric is lost, how to measure it, and practical ways to cut waste through markers, spreading, end loss control and roll planning. https://textilenotes.com/garment-production/stitch-density-spi https://textilenotes.com/garment-production/stitch-density-spi Wed, 30 Sep 2026 07:15:26 GMT Salauddin Ahamed Sagar Garment Production Stitches per inch (SPI) or per centimeter affects seam strength, appearance, puckering and thread use. How to count stitch density correctly, typical ranges by fabric and seam, and what goes wrong when it is too high or too low. https://textilenotes.com/garment-production/t-shirt-fabric-consumption https://textilenotes.com/garment-production/t-shirt-fabric-consumption Wed, 30 Sep 2026 07:15:26 GMT Salauddin Ahamed Sagar Garment Production The body block method for calculating fabric consumption of a basic T-shirt in kg per dozen, with a worked example, how to handle neck rib, size ratios and wastage, and how to check the estimate against a marker. https://textilenotes.com/garment-production/stitch-types https://textilenotes.com/garment-production/stitch-types Wed, 30 Sep 2026 07:15:26 GMT Salauddin Ahamed Sagar Garment Production The stitch classes used in garment making, how each is formed, where it is used and its strengths and weaknesses. Based on the ISO 4915 stitch classification, with the common stitch numbers you will see on spec sheets. https://textilenotes.com/industrial-engineering/5s-garment-factory https://textilenotes.com/industrial-engineering/5s-garment-factory Wed, 30 Sep 2026 07:15:26 GMT Salauddin Ahamed Sagar Industrial Engineering 5S is the workplace organisation method behind most lean programs. What each S means on a sewing floor, in cutting, stores and finishing, how to run a 5S audit, and how to stop it fading after the first month. https://textilenotes.com/industrial-engineering/garment-capacity-calculation https://textilenotes.com/industrial-engineering/garment-capacity-calculation Wed, 30 Sep 2026 07:15:26 GMT Salauddin Ahamed Sagar Industrial Engineering How to calculate sewing capacity in available minutes and in pieces, for a line or a whole factory, and how to use it to check whether an order fits. Includes efficiency, absenteeism, working days and a full worked example. https://textilenotes.com/fabric/modal-vs-cotton https://textilenotes.com/fabric/modal-vs-cotton Wed, 30 Sep 2026 07:15:26 GMT Salauddin Ahamed Sagar Fabric & Yarn Modal feels softer and drapes more; cotton is familiar, durable and usually cheaper. A practical comparison of feel, strength, shrinkage, color, pilling, cost and care, and why blends are so common. https://textilenotes.com/industrial-engineering/kaizen https://textilenotes.com/industrial-engineering/kaizen Wed, 30 Sep 2026 07:15:26 GMT Salauddin Ahamed Sagar Industrial Engineering Kaizen means continuous improvement through small, practical changes. How to run kaizen in a garment factory: finding problems, the PDCA cycle, kaizen events, suggestion systems, and examples from sewing, cutting and finishing. https://textilenotes.com/industrial-engineering/lean-manufacturing-garments https://textilenotes.com/industrial-engineering/lean-manufacturing-garments Wed, 30 Sep 2026 07:15:26 GMT Salauddin Ahamed Sagar Industrial Engineering Lean means removing work that adds no value and making production flow. The eight wastes as they appear in cutting and sewing, the lean tools that work in garment factories, and a realistic order to start. https://textilenotes.com/industrial-engineering/motion-study https://textilenotes.com/industrial-engineering/motion-study Wed, 30 Sep 2026 07:15:26 GMT Salauddin Ahamed Sagar Industrial Engineering Motion study looks at the hand and body movements in an operation to remove waste. Practical principles for sewing workstations, how to analyse an operation from video, and examples of improvements that shorten handling time. https://textilenotes.com/fabric-testing-standards-and-methods/ https://textilenotes.com/fabric-testing-standards-and-methods/ Wed, 30 Sep 2026 07:15:26 GMT Salauddin Ahamed Sagar Testing An overview of fabric testing for apparel: what each group of tests measures, how the main methods work (including Martindale abrasion, air permeability and UPF), which ISO, ASTM and AATCC standards are used, how to build a test program by product, and how to read a test report. https://textilenotes.com/industrial-engineering/line-efficiency https://textilenotes.com/industrial-engineering/line-efficiency Wed, 30 Sep 2026 07:15:26 GMT Salauddin Ahamed Sagar Industrial Engineering Line efficiency compares the minutes a sewing line earned with the minutes it had. Learn the formula, work through examples, understand what drives efficiency up and down, and avoid the reporting mistakes that make the number meaningless. https://textilenotes.com/industrial-engineering/skill-matrix https://textilenotes.com/industrial-engineering/skill-matrix Wed, 30 Sep 2026 07:15:26 GMT Salauddin Ahamed Sagar Industrial Engineering A skill matrix records which operators can do which operations and how well. How to build one for a sewing line, how to grade skills with real efficiency data, and how to use it for balancing, absenteeism and training. https://textilenotes.com/industrial-engineering/sam-vs-smv https://textilenotes.com/industrial-engineering/sam-vs-smv Wed, 30 Sep 2026 07:15:26 GMT Salauddin Ahamed Sagar Industrial Engineering SAM and SMV usually mean the same thing: standard time in minutes. This note explains where the two terms come from, when companies use them differently, and how to avoid confusion when comparing numbers. https://textilenotes.com/industrial-engineering/production-target-calculation https://textilenotes.com/industrial-engineering/production-target-calculation Wed, 30 Sep 2026 07:15:26 GMT Salauddin Ahamed Sagar Industrial Engineering How to set an hourly and daily production target from SMV, manpower, working minutes and planned efficiency. Worked examples for new and running styles, learning curve targets and why a target at 100% efficiency is not a real target. https://textilenotes.com/industrial-engineering/time-study https://textilenotes.com/industrial-engineering/time-study Wed, 30 Sep 2026 07:15:26 GMT Salauddin Ahamed Sagar Industrial Engineering How to carry out a stopwatch time study on a sewing operation: break it into elements, take enough cycles, rate the operator's pace, add allowances and arrive at a standard time. With a worked example and the mistakes that spoil results. https://textilenotes.com/industrial-engineering/takt-time https://textilenotes.com/industrial-engineering/takt-time Wed, 30 Sep 2026 07:15:26 GMT Salauddin Ahamed Sagar Industrial Engineering Takt time is the pace at which garments must be finished to meet demand. How to calculate it, how it differs from cycle time and pitch time, and how to use it to size and balance a sewing line. https://textilenotes.com/industrial-engineering/what-is-smv https://textilenotes.com/industrial-engineering/what-is-smv Wed, 30 Sep 2026 07:15:26 GMT Salauddin Ahamed Sagar Industrial Engineering SMV is the standard time to complete a task at a normal pace, including allowances. Learn what it includes, how it is set, how it drives targets, efficiency, capacity and CM cost, and where it goes wrong. https://textilenotes.com/garment-production/sewing-needle-selection https://textilenotes.com/garment-production/sewing-needle-selection Wed, 30 Sep 2026 07:15:26 GMT Salauddin Ahamed Sagar Garment Production How to choose industrial sewing needles: needle systems, metric and Singer sizes, point types for knits and wovens, matching the needle to the thread, and how the wrong needle causes skipped stitches, needle cuts and thread breaks. https://textilenotes.com/industrial-engineering/work-study https://textilenotes.com/industrial-engineering/work-study Wed, 30 Sep 2026 07:15:26 GMT Salauddin Ahamed Sagar Industrial Engineering Work study combines method study (finding a better way to do a job) and work measurement (setting the time for it). An introduction for garment factories: the steps, the tools and how the results feed SMV, line balancing and costing. https://textilenotes.com/fabric/viscose-vs-modal https://textilenotes.com/fabric/viscose-vs-modal Wed, 30 Sep 2026 07:15:26 GMT Salauddin Ahamed Sagar Fabric & Yarn Viscose and modal are both regenerated cellulose fibers made from wood pulp. How modal differs in wet strength, shrinkage and durability, what that means for garments, and how to specify and test each. https://textilenotes.com/quality/defects/color-bleeding https://textilenotes.com/quality/defects/color-bleeding Wed, 30 Sep 2026 07:15:26 GMT Salauddin Ahamed Sagar Defect library Dye comes off a fabric in washing and stains other areas of the garment or other garments. Caused by unfixed dye, unsuitable dyes for the fiber or wash conditions, and combining dark and light parts without testing. https://textilenotes.com/quality/defects/needle-cut https://textilenotes.com/quality/defects/needle-cut Wed, 30 Sep 2026 07:15:26 GMT Salauddin Ahamed Sagar Defect library Yarns cut or broken by the sewing needle along the seam line. In knits it starts holes and runs; in dense wovens it weakens the fabric along the seam. https://textilenotes.com/quality/defects/nep https://textilenotes.com/quality/defects/nep Wed, 30 Sep 2026 07:15:26 GMT Salauddin Ahamed Sagar Defect library Small knots of tangled fiber in the yarn, often from immature cotton. After dyeing they show as tiny white or light specks because immature fibers take less dye. https://textilenotes.com/quality/defects/pleat https://textilenotes.com/quality/defects/pleat Wed, 30 Sep 2026 07:15:26 GMT Salauddin Ahamed Sagar Defect library An unplanned fold of fabric sewn into a seam, usually where one ply is longer than the other or at corners and crossings. It spoils appearance and can distort the garment's shape. https://textilenotes.com/quality/defects/print-cracking https://textilenotes.com/quality/defects/print-cracking Wed, 30 Sep 2026 07:15:26 GMT Salauddin Ahamed Sagar Defect library Screen prints or heat transfers crack, flake or peel when the garment is stretched or washed. Caused mainly by under-curing, ink unsuited to the fabric's stretch, heavy ink deposits and poor adhesion. https://textilenotes.com/quality/defects/roping https://textilenotes.com/quality/defects/roping Wed, 30 Sep 2026 07:15:26 GMT Salauddin Ahamed Sagar Defect library A hem or seam that twists into a rope-like ridge, most often on denim and twill hems after washing. Caused by unequal feeding of the plies during hemming and by fabric and thread shrinkage differences. https://textilenotes.com/quality/defects/skewing https://textilenotes.com/quality/defects/skewing Wed, 30 Sep 2026 07:15:26 GMT Salauddin Ahamed Sagar Defect library The weft yarns or courses run straight but at an angle across the fabric width, because one side was fed ahead of the other in finishing. Garments cut from skewed fabric twist after washing. https://textilenotes.com/quality/defects/slub https://textilenotes.com/quality/defects/slub Wed, 30 Sep 2026 07:15:26 GMT Salauddin Ahamed Sagar Defect library A short, thick place in the yarn that shows as a lump on the fabric surface. In plain fabrics it is a defect; in slub yarn fabrics, controlled slubs are part of the design. https://textilenotes.com/quality/defects/barre https://textilenotes.com/quality/defects/barre Wed, 30 Sep 2026 07:15:26 GMT Salauddin Ahamed Sagar Defect library Horizontal bands of different shade, luster or texture in knitted fabric, repeating across the width. Caused by differences between yarns or feeders, such as mixed yarn lots, count variation or tension differences. https://textilenotes.com/quality/defects/skipped-stitch https://textilenotes.com/quality/defects/skipped-stitch Wed, 30 Sep 2026 07:15:26 GMT Salauddin Ahamed Sagar Defect library One or more stitches fail to form, leaving a gap or a long float in the seam. It happens when the hook or looper misses the needle thread loop, usually because of the needle, timing, fabric flagging or the thread.