Perspiration can change the color of garments and transfer dye to skin and other clothing, especially in close-fitting products such as T-shirts, underwear and sportswear. The color fastness to perspiration test simulates this.
Test methods#
| Method | Summary |
|---|---|
| ISO 105-E04 | Tests with both acid and alkaline artificial perspiration solutions |
| AATCC 15 | Tests with an acid artificial perspiration solution |
The two methods differ in solutions, pressure, time and conditions, so results are not interchangeable. Use the buyer's specified method.
How the test works (principle)#
- A fabric specimen is placed against a multifiber adjacent fabric (or specified single-fiber fabrics).
- The composite is soaked in artificial perspiration solution for a set time.
- It is placed between plates under a specified pressure in a test device.
- It is kept in an oven at a set temperature for a set time.
- It is dried, and the color change and staining are graded with grey scales from 5 (best) to 1 (worst).
Acid and alkaline perspiration#
Fresh sweat and sweat after bacterial action have different pH values. Testing both acid and alkaline conditions (as in ISO 105-E04) catches dyes that are sensitive to either. Some dyes change shade noticeably in alkaline conditions, which can show on the garment as color changes in the underarm area.
Why fabrics fail#
- Unfixed dye remaining on the fabric.
- Dyes sensitive to pH, which change shade or bleed in acid or alkaline conditions.
- Deep shades (navy, black, red) with high dye loading.
- Some cationic softeners and finishes that affect dye fixation.
Improving results#
- Thorough washing-off after dyeing.
- Dye selection with good perspiration fastness for the depth and end use.
- Controlled fixation conditions.
- Suitable fixing agents where appropriate, with a check on side effects.
Perspiration and light#
Some buyers also require color fastness to perspiration and light combined for sportswear and summer garments, because sweat and sunlight together can fade some dyes faster than either alone. Check whether the buyer's program includes this.
Reading the result#
Look at both the color change and the worst staining grade, for each solution tested. A fabric may pass in acid solution and fail in alkaline, or the other way round. Report both.
Practical tips#
- Test the actual bulk fabric, after all finishing, not the lab dip.
- For garments with prints, test the print area as well as the ground.
- Keep test reports by dye recipe so that repeat colors can be managed.
See the color fastness overview for how different fastness tests fit together.
Related guides#
- Color fastness to washing: the most common color fastness test.
- Color fastness to rubbing: dry and wet crocking of deep shades.
- ISO, ASTM and AATCC test methods: perspiration methods by standard.
- Fabric testing standards and methods: color fastness within the full test program.
- Pantone color guide and its application in textile: approving the shade before fastness testing.
Frequently asked questions#
Which products need this test? It is common for garments worn next to the skin: T-shirts, underwear, sportswear, linings and nightwear. The buyer's test program lists the products and methods.
Can a fabric pass washing and fail perspiration? Yes. The tests use different chemistry, and some dyes are sensitive to the pH of perspiration but stable in detergent solution.
Is the test done on garments or fabric? Usually on fabric. For multi-color garments and prints, test each color and the print.